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Angsuran dan Anuitas

Pada bagian sebelumnya telah diuraikan tentang simpanan. Pada bab ini akan dilanjutkan pembahasan tentang pinjaman uang kepada badan atau perorangan. Salah satu hal penting dalam peminjaman uang adalah tata cara pengembalian. Salah cara pengembalian yang banyak dipakai adalah dengan angsuran. Secara umum pengertian angsuran adalah sejumlah uang yang dipakai untuk mengangsur hutang, pajak atau lain sebagainya. Terdapat dua macam angsuran, yaitu:

(1) Angsuran tidak disertai bunga.
Hal ini terjadi pada transaksi jual beli, dimana penjual mengizinkan pembeli untuk membayar dengan cara mengangsur. Keuntungan sudah didapat dari selisih harga jual dan modal usaha.
(2) Angsuran disertai bunga
Hal ini terjadi untuk peminjaman uang pada lembaga tertentu (misalnya bank atau koperasi).

Berikut ini akan diberikan contoh soal untuk angsuran tampa disertai bunga.

01. Bu Diah membeli kompor gas seharga Rp. 840.000 pada temannya. Agar tidak terasa berat, teman bu Diah mengizinkan pembayaran dengan cara mengangsur setiap bulan selama 3 bulan. Rasio pembayaran yang akan dilakukan adalah 2 : 3 : 1. Tentukanlah besar angsuran bu Diah
Jawab


02. Pak Ali berencana mau membeli tempat tidur seharga Rp. 4.000.000 secara kredit. Pak Ali memiliki gaji bulanan sebesar Rp. 3.500.000 per bulan, dengan pengeluaran rutin 60% untuk biaya hidup, 10% untuk biaya anak sekolah, 15% untuk menabung dan sisanya untuk membeli perabotan rumuh. Berapa kalikah angsuran pak Ali, agar tempat tidur tersebut dapat dilunasi ?
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03. Pak Irfan ingin memasarkan produk blender kepada ibu-ibu PKK dengan harga Rp. 400.000 perbuah dalam sebuah demo. Para ibu tersebut ingin membeli secara kredit dengan angsuran Rp.45.000 per-bulan selama satu tahun. Karena yang mengambil 10 orang, maka pak Irfan memberikan gratis 1 produk kepada ibu-ibu PKK. Berapa keuntungan yang diperoleh pak Irfan dari penjualan tersebut ?
Jawab
Keuntungan satu orang = (Rp.45.000 x 12) � Rp. 400.000 = Rp.140.000
Keuntungan 10 orang = 10 x Rp.140.000 = Rp. 1.400.000
Keuntungan bersih = Rp.1.400.000 � Rp.400.000 = Rp.1000.000

Untuk pinjaman disertai bunga, setoran yang diberikan secara rutin untuk jangka waktu tertentu dalam bentuk anuitas, Anuitas adalah besarnya pembayaran yang harus disetorkan peminjam dalam bentuk angsuran dan bunga
Sehingga : Anuitas = Angsuran + Bunga
Terdapat dua macam anuitas dalam pinjaman, yaitu
1. Anuitas dengan bunga tetap
2. Anuitas dengan bunga majemuk

Untuk pemahaman lebih lanjut tentang anuitas dengan bunga tetap, ikutilah contoh soal berikut ini :

04. Haryono meminjam uang di koperasi sebesar Rp. 4.000.000 dengan angsuran setiap bulan selama 5 bulan. Jika koperasi menetapkan bunga tetap sebesar 2% perbulan, maka tentukanlah besarnya anuitas yang harus dibayar Haryono setiap bulan
Jawab
Diketahui : n = 5 bulan
M0 = Rp. 4.000.000
b = 2% = 0,02
Ditanya : Mn �. ?
Maka besar angsuran = 4.000.000/5 = Rp. 800.000
Besar bunga = 0,02 x 4.000.000 = Rp. 80.000
Jadi Anuitas = Rp. 800.000 + Rp. 80.000 = Rp. 880.000

Sedangkan untuk menghitung anuitas dengan bunga majemuk, digunakan rumus


Untuk pemahaman lebih lanjut, ikutilah contoh soal berikut ini :
05. Pak Budi ingin membeli sebuah televisi seharga Rp. 6.000.000. Untuk itu ia meminjam uang di koperasi dengan angsuran selama 5 bulan. Jika koperasi menetapkan bunga majemuk 2% perbulan, maka tentukanlah besarnya anuitas yang harus dibayar pak Budi setiap bulan
Jawab
Jumlah Pinjaman : M = Rp.6.000.000
Besar bunga satu periode : b = 2% = 0,02
Lama Pinjaman : n = 5


06. Pada tanggal 1 Januari Bu Rani meminjam uang di koperasi sebesar Rp.3.000.000 dengan suku bunga majemuk 6% per tahun. Pinjaman akan diangsur setiap 3 bulan sekali selama satu setengah tahun. Tentukan besar anuitasnya
Jawab


Untuk menentukan besarnya angsuran dan bunga pada pinjaman dengan sistim bunga majemuk, digunakan tabel angsuran.
Contoh.
07. Pak Budi meminjam uang di sebuah koperasi sebesar Rp.2.000.000. Jika pinjaman itu akan dilunasinya dengan 4 kali angsuran selama satu tahun dengan suku bunga 12% per tahun, maka buatlah tabel anuitas untuk empat kali angsuran tersebut
Jawab


Selanjutnya dibuat tabel anuitas untuk empat kali angsuran (empat baris) sebagai berikut


Untuk angsuran pertama (baris pertama), ditulis terlebih dahulu anuitas yang telah dihitung, yakni 538.054.
Selanjutnya diisi kolom bunga, yakni:
bunga = persen bunga x Modal awal
bunga = 0,03 x 2.000.000
bunga = 60.000
Selanjutnya diisi kolom angsuran,yakni:
Angsuran = Anuitas � bunga
Angsuran = 538.054 � 60.000
Angsuran = 478.054
Selanjutnya diisi kolom sisa pinjaman, yakni:
sisa pinjaman = Modal awal � angsuran
sisa pinjaman = 2.000.000 � 478.054
sisa pinjaman = 1.521.946

Langkah berikutnya siisi baris kedua, dimulai dari kolom anuitas, bunga, angsuran dan terakhir sisa pinjaman. Lengkapnya sebagai berikut:
Anuitas = 538.054

bunga = persen bunga x sisa pinjaman sebelumnya (baris pertama)
bunga = 0,03 x 1.521.946
bunga = 45.658

Angsuran = Anuitas � bunga
Angsuran = 538.054 � 45.658
Angsuran = 492.395

sisa pinjaman = sisa pinjaman sebelumnya � angsuran
sisa pinjaman = 1.521.946 � 492.395
sisa pinjaman = 1.029.550

Demikian seterusnya sampai angsuran ke-4 (baris ke-4) yang merupakan angsuran terakhir. Jika tahapan ini berhasil, maka pada angsuran terakhir sisa pinjaman akan menjadi nol (habis). Atau karena proses pembulatan maka sisa pinjaman pada angsuran terakhir ini mendapatkan angka mendekati nol.

08. Pak Amir membeli sebuah sepeda motor seharga Rp. 12.000.000 secara kredit di suatu dealer resmi dengan angsuran setiap bulan selama 5 bulan. Jika pihak dealer menetapkan bunga majemuk 3% perbulan, maka buatlah tabel anuitas untuk lima kali angsuran tersebut
Jawab


Selanjutnya dibuat tabel anuitas untuk lima kali angsuran:


Penjelasan dari tabel angsuran diatas adalah sebagai berikut :
Baris pertama : Anuitas = 2.620.255

bunga = persen bunga x pinjaman awal
bunga = 0,03 x 12.000.000
bunga = 360.000

Angsuran = Anuitas � bunga
Angsuran = 2.620.255 � 360.000
Angsuran = 2.260.255

sisa pinjaman = pinjaman awal � angsuran
sisa pinjaman = 12.000.000 � 2.260.255
sisa pinjaman = 9.739.745

Baris kedua : Anuitas = 2.620.255
bunga = persen bunga x sisa pinjaman sebelumnya (baris pertama)
bunga = 0,03 x 9.739.745
bunga = 292.192

Angsuran = Anuitas � bunga
Angsuran = 2.620.255 � 292.192
Angsuran = 2.328.063

sisa pinjaman = sisa pinjaman sebelumnya � angsuran
sisa pinjaman = 9.739.745 � 2.328.063
sisa pinjaman = 7.411.683

Baris ketiga : Anuitas = 2.620.255
bunga = persen bunga x sisa pinjaman sebelumnya (baris kedua)
bunga = 0,03 x 7.411.683
bunga = 222.350

Angsuran = Anuitas � bunga
Angsuran = 2.620.255 � 222.350
Angsuran = 2.397.904
sisa pinjaman = sisa pinjaman sebelumnya � angsuran
sisa pinjaman = 7.411.683 � 2.397.904
sisa pinjaman = 5.013.778

Baris keempat: Anuitas = 2.620.255
bunga = persen bunga x sisa pinjaman sebelumnya (baris ketiga)
bunga = 0,03 x 5.013.778
bunga = 150.413

Angsuran = Anuitas � bunga
Angsuran = 2.620.255 � 150.413
Angsuran = 2.469.842

sisa pinjaman = sisa pinjaman sebelumnya � angsuran
sisa pinjaman = 5.013.778 � 2.469.842
sisa pinjaman = 2.543.937

Baris kelima : Anuitas = 2.620.255
bunga = persen bunga x sisa pinjaman sebelumnya (baris keempat)
bunga = 0,03 x 2.543.937
bunga = 76.318

Angsuran = Anuitas � bunga
Angsuran = 2.620.255 � 76.318
Angsuran = 2.543.937

sisa pinjaman = sisa pinjaman sebelumnya � angsuran
sisa pinjaman = 2.543.937 � 2.543.937
sisa pinjaman = 0

09. Pak Sofyan ingin meminjam uang Rp.10.000.000 di suatu koperasi untuk modal usaha ternaknya, dengan sistem angsuran sebanyak 4 kali. Jika pihak koperasi menetapkan bunga 2% setiap angsuran, maka buatlah tabel anuitas untuk empat kali angsuran pak Sofyan tersebut
Jawab

Selanjutnya dibuat tabel anuitas untuk lima kali angsuran:

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