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Relasi dan Fungsi serta Unsur-Unsurnya

Banyak fenomena atau kejadian alam yang dapat dihubungkan dengan suatu relasi Sebagai contoh, misalkan diberikan dua himpunan :
A = {sepeda, sepeda motor, sedan, angkot, bus}
B = {roda dua, roda tiga, roda empat, roda enam}

Bagaimanakah hubungan antara himpunan A (jenis kendaraan) dan himpunan B (banyaknya roda kendaraan) ? Untuk menggambarkannya, dapat dilihat pada diagram berikut ini :
Aturan yang menghubungakan himpunan A dan himpunan B yakni banyaknya roda untuk setiap kendaraan yang diberikan, merupakan suatu relasi. Jadi relasi didefinisikan sebagai berikut :

Relasi dari himpunan A ke himpunan B adalah suatu aturan yang menghubungkan elemen-elemen pada himpunan A ke elemen-elemen pada himpunan B.

Dalam hal ini A dinamakan himpunan daerah asal (domein) dan B dinamakan himpunan daerah Kawan (kodomain).

Terdapat empat cara menyatakan relasi, yakni :
(1) Dengan diagram panah.
(2) Dengan himpunan pasangan terurut.
(3) Dengan grafik
(4) Dengan Persamaan (Ekspresi Simbolik)

Berikut ini akan diuraikan keempat cara menyatakan relasi, dalam bentuk contoh soal

01. Misalkan A = {�3, �2, �1, 0, 1, 2, 3} dan B = {1, 4, 6, 9}
Jika x adalah elemen A dan y adalah elemen B, dan berlaku hubungan y = x2.
Maka gambarlah relasi dari A ke B dalam bentuk diagram panah
Jawab

02. Misalkan A = {2, 3, 4, 5} dan B = {3, 4, 5} Jika x adalah elemen A dan y adalah elemen B, serta berlaku hubungan x kurang dari y, maka nyatakanlah relasi dari A ke B dalam bentuk pasangan berurutan
Jawab
{(2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (3,4), (3,5), (4,5)}

03. Diketahui A adalah himpunan bilangan real dan B juga himpunan bilangan real. Jika x adalah elemen A dan y elemen B, serta berlaku hubungan y = 2x � 4, maka nyatakanlah relasi dari A ke B dalam bentuk grafik
Jawab

04. Diketahui A adalah himpunan bilangan real dan B juga himpunan bilangan real. Jika x adalah elemen A dan y elemen B, serta berlaku hubungan �Nilai y lebih 4 dari kebalikannya x�, maka nyatakanlah relasi dari A ke B dalam bentuk persamaan
Jawab

Dalam kehidupan ini, terdapat banyak sekali relasi yang menghubungkan suatu kelompok (himpunan) ke kelompok lain. Sebagai contoh antara himpunan orang tua dan himpunan anak-anak, kelompok hewan predator dan kelompok hewan mangsanya, dan lain-lain. Namun secara garis besar, relasi-relasi tersebut dapat dibagi menjadi dua macam, yakni fungsi dan bukan fungsi. Jika A dan B adalah himpunan yang terdefinisi, maka fungsi f dari A ke B ialah suatu relasi khusus yang memetakan setiap x anggota A ke tepat satu y anggota B


Untuk lebih jelasnya membedakan fungsi dan bukan fungsi, ikutilah contoh soal berikut ini :

01. Manakah diantara relasi yang digambarkan dalam bentuk diagram panah berikut ini yang merupakan fungsi
Jawab
(a) Bukan fungsi karena ada cabang (unsur c) di daerah asal
(b) Bukan fungsi karena ada sisa (unsur c) pada daerah asal
(c) Fungsi

02. Manakah diantara relasi yang digambarkan dalam bentuk grafik berikut ini yang merupakan fungsi
Jawab
(a) fungsi
(b) Bukan fungsi karena ada sisa dan cabang pada daerah asal

03. Diketahui himpunan A = {1, 2, 3, 4} dan B = {1, 2, 3}. Manakah diantara relasi yang digambarkan dalam bentuk pasangan berurutan berikut ini merupakan fungsi
(a) f:A ?B = {(2, 1), (4, 3), (3, 1), (1, 3), (4, 2)}
(b) f:A ?B = {(1, 3), (4, 1), (3, 2)}
(c) f:B ?A = {(2, 4), (3, 1), (1, 2)}
(d) f:B ?A = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3)}
(e) f:A ?A = {(1, 4), (3, 1), (2, 2), (4, 3)}
Jawab
(a) Bukan fungsi karena ada cabang (unsur 4) di daerah asal A
(b) Bukan fungsi karena ada sisa (unsur 2) pada daerah asal A
(c) Fungsi
(d) Fungsi

04. Tentukan daerah asal alamiah dari setiap fungsi berikut ini :

     (d) f(x) = 4x � 12
          Fungsi linier terdefinisi untuk semua bilangan real
          Daerah asal : Df = {x � x ? Real}

05. Tentukanlah daerah hasil dari setiap fungsi berikut ini :
 

06. Tentukanlah daerah hasil dari setiap fungsi berikut ini :
 


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