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Aplikasi Barisan dan Deret

Salah satu apliksai barisan dan deret pada bidang ekonomi adalah pada perhitungan bunga pada simpanan uang di bank atau koperasi atau lembaga lain sejenisnya. Terdapat dua macam jenis bunga pada simpanan, yaitu :

(1) Bunga Tunggal (Barisan Aritmatika)
Yaitu metoda pemberian imbalan jasa bunga simpanan yang dihitung berdasarkan modal pokok pinjaman atau modal awal simpanan saja.
Rumus bunga tunggal:

Mn = Mo (1 + in)
Dimana :
Mn = Nilai modal simpanan periode ke-n
Mo = Nilai modal awal simpanan
i = Persentase bunga simpanan
n = Periode pembungaan

(2) Bunga Majemuk (Barisan geometri)
Yaitu metoda pemberian imbalan jasa bunga simpanan yang dihitung berdasarkan besar modal atau simpanan pada periode bunga berjalan
Rumus bunga majemuk:

Mn = Mo (1 + i)n
Dimana :
Mn = Nilai modal simpanan setelah periode ke-n
Mo = Nilai modal awal simpanan
i = Persentase bunga simpanan
n = Periode pembungaan

Untuk lebih jelasnya, ikutilah contoh soal berikut ini :

01. Pak Ahmad memerlukan tambahan modal untuk usahanya berdagang makanan, sehingga ia meminjam uang dikoperasi �Maju Jaya� sebesar Rp. 4.000.000 dengan imbalan jasa berupa bunga sebesar 2% dari pokok pinjaman per bulan. Jika pak Ahmad akan melunasi pinjaman itu beserta bunganya setelah 6 bulan, maka tentukanlah total pengembalian pak Ahmad
Jawab
Diketahui :
Mo = 40.000.000
i = 2% = 0,02
n = 6
maka
Mn = Mo (1 + in)
M6 = 40.000.000(1 + 0,02(6))
M6 = 40.000.000(1,12)
M6 = 4.480.000
Jadi total pengembalian pak Ahmad adalah Rp. 4.480.000,-

02. Arman menabung sejumlah uang disebuah bank. Jenis tabungan yang dipilih Arman adalah tabungan dengan sistem bunga tunggal sebesar 3% per caturwulan. Jika setelah 3 tahun tabungan Arman menjadi Rp. 25.400.000 maka tentukanlah besar tabungan awal Arman di bank itu
Jawab
Jadi besar tabungan awal Arman di bank itu adalah Rp. 20.000.000,-

03. Pak Budi menabung sebesar Rp. 8.000.000 di suatu bank. Jika bank memberlakukan sistem bunga tunggal sebesar 3% setiap triwulan, maka setelah berapa lamakah uang tabungan pak Budi menjadi Rp. 10.400.000
Jawab
Diketahui :
Mo = 8.000.000
i = 3% = 0,03
Mn = 10.400.000
maka
Mn = Mo (1 + in)
10.400.000 = 8.000.000 (1 + 0,03n)
10.400.000 = 8.000.000 + 240.000n
2.400.000 = 240.000n
n = 240.000/2.400.000
n = 10
sehingga n = 10 triwulan = (10x3) bulan = 30 bulan = 2,5 tahun

04. Pak Mulyo adalah seorang pengusaha batik. Ia menyimpan uangnya sebesar Rp. 100.000.000 di sebuah bank. Bank tersebut memberikan bunga tabungan dengan sistem bunga majemuk sebesar 12% per bulan. Berapakah besarnya tabungan pak Mulyo setelah 5 bulan ?
Jawab
Diketahui : Mo = 100.000.000
i = 12% = 0,12
n = 5
Ditanya : Mn = �. ?
Jawab
Mn = Mo (1 + i)n
M10 = 100.000.000  (1 + 0,12)5
M10 = 100.000.000  (1,12)5
M10 = 100.000.000.(1,762)
M10 = 176.200.000

05. Santi menyimpan uangnya di sebuah bank sebesar Rp. 2.000.000. Setelah tiga tahun uang tabungan Santi menjadi Rp. 2.662.000. Jika bank tersebut menerapkan sistem bunga majemuk , berapa persenkah per-tahun bunga bank tersebut ?
Jawab
Diketahui : Mo = 2.000.000
Mn = 2.662.000
n = 3
Ditanya : i = �. ?
Jawab


Aplikasi lain dari barisan dan deret adalah pada pertumbuhan dan peluruhan
(1) Pertumbuhan yaitu bertambahnya jumlah / nilai suatu objek yang mengikuti pola aritmatika atau geometri.
Contoh : 
(a) Perkembangbiakan bakteri
(b) Pertumbuhan penduduk

(2) Peluruhan yaitu berkurangnya jumlah / nilai suatu objek yang mengikuti pola aritmatika atau geometri
Contoh : 
(a) Penurunan nilai jual mobil
(b) Penurunan jumlah populasi hewan

Rumus Pertumbuhan aritmatika :
Mn = Mo (1 + pn) atau Mn = Mo + bn
Dimana : 
Mn = Jumlah/Nilai suatu objek setelah n waktu
Mo = Jumlah/Nilai suatu objek mula-mula
p = Persentase pertumbuhan
b = Nilai beda pertumbuhan
n = jangka waktu pertumbuhan

Rumus Pertumbuhan geometri :
Mn = Mo (1 + p)n atau Mn = Mo . rn
Dimana :
Mn = Jumlah/Nilai suatu objek setelah n waktu
Mo = Jumlah/Nilai suatu objek mula-mula
i = Persentase pertumbuhan
r = Ratio pertumbuhan (r > 1)
n = jangka waktu pertumbuhan

Untuk lebih jelasnya, ikutilah contoh soal berikut ini :

01. Elsa mulai bekerja pada suatu perusahaan pada awal tahun 2005 dengan gaji permulaan sebesar Rp. 3.000.000. Jika dia mendapatkan kenaikan gaji secara berkala setiap tahunnya sebesar Rp. 200.000 maka berapakah gaji yang diterima Elsa pada awal tahun 2011?
Jawab
Diketahui :
Mo = 3.000.000
b = 200.000
n = 6
Ditanya : Mn = �. ?
Jawab
Mn = Mo + bn
Mn = 3.000.000 + 200.000(6)
Mn = 3.000.000 + 1.200.000
Mn = Rp. 4.200.000

02. Suatu koloni bakteri akan membelah menjadi dua setiap lima menit. Jika pada permulaan trdapat 90 bakteri, maka tentukanlah jumlah bakteri setelah setengah jam ?
Jawab
Diketahui :
Mo = 90
r = 2
n = 4
Ditanya : Mn = �. ?
Jawab
Mn = Mo . rn
Mn = 90 x 42
Mn = 90 (16)
Mn = 1440 bakteri

03. Jumlah penduduk suatu kota bertambah menurut pola geometri sebesar 0,1% per bulan. Berarti jika jumlah penduduk kota itu semula 3 juta orang maka pada akhir bulan ke-3 jumlahnya telah menjadi sekitar � orang
Jawab
Diketahui :
Mo = 3.000.000
i = 0,1% = 0,001
n = 3
Ditanya : Mn = �. ?
Jawab
Mn = Mo (1 + i)n
M3 = 3.000.000  (1 + 0,001)3
M3 = 3.000.000  (1,001)3
M3 = 3.000.000(1,003003)
M3 = 3.009.009 orang

Rumus Peluruhan aritmatika :
Mn = Mo (1 � in) atau Mn = Mo � bn
Dimana :
Mn = Jumlah/Nilai suatu objek setelah n waktu
Mo = Jumlah/Nilai suatu objek mula-mula
p = Persentase peluruhan
b = Nilai beda peluruhan
n = jangka waktu peluruhan

Rumus Peluruhan geometri :
Mn = Mo (1 � p)n atau Mn = Mo . rn
Dimana :
Mn = Jumlah/Nilai suatu objek setelah n waktu
Mo = Jumlah/Nilai suatu objek mula-mula
i = Persentase peluruhan
r = Ratio peluruhan (r < 1)
n = jangka waktu peluruhan

Untuk lebih jelasnya, ikutilah contoh soal berikut ini :

04. Sebuah mobil dibeli dengan harga Rp.200.000.000. Jika setiap tahun harganya mengalami penyusutan 20% dari nilai tahun sebelumnya, maka tentukanlah harga mobil itu setelah dipakai selama 5 tahun
Jawab
Diketahui :
Mo = 200.000.000
i = 20% = 0,2
n = 5
Ditanya :
Mn = �. ?
Jawab
Mn = Mo (1 � i)n
Mn =  200.000.000 (1 � 0,2)5
Mn =  200.000.000 (0,8)5
Mn = 200.000.000(0,32768)
Mn = 65.536.000

05. Suatu pabrik kendaraan bermotor roda dua mulai memproduksi pertama pada tahun 2010 sebanyak 20.000 unit kendaraan. Tiap tahun produksi pabrik tersebut turun 100 unit. Berapakah jumlah produksi pada tahun 2016?
Jawab
Diketahui :
Mo = 20.000
b = 100
n = 6
Ditanya : Mn = �. ?
Jawab
Mn = Mo � bn
Mn = 20.000 � 100(6)
Mn = 20.000 � 600
Mn = 19.400 unit

06. Suatu jenis hewan langka setiap tahun mengalami penurunan jumlah populasi sebanyak 1/3 dari jumlah populasi tahun sebelumnya. Jika pada tahun 2015 diperkirakan jumlah populasi hewan tersebut disuatu pulau sebanyak 720 ekor, maka berapakah perkiraan jumlah hewan itu pada tahun 2019 ?
Jawab
Diketahui : Mo = 360
r = 1/4
n = 4
Ditanya : Mn = �. ?
Jawab Mn = Mo . rn
Mn = 360 x 4(1/3)4
Mn = 360 x (1/81)
Mn = 14,44 = 14 ekor

07. Dengan pesatnya pembangunan pemukiman, maka daerah pesawahan semakin lama semakin sempit. Menurut data statistik, pada tahun 2003 total areal sawah di daerah itu sekitar 400 ha dan setiap tahun berkurang 5% dari total areal sawah semula . Berapakah diperkirakan areal sawah pada tahun 2015?
Jawab
Diketahui :
Mo = 400
i = 5% = 0,05
n = 12
Ditanya : Mn = �. ?
Jawab
Mn = Mo (1 � in)
Mn = 400(1 � 0,05x12)
Mn = 400(1 � 0,6)
Mn = 400(0,4)
Mn = 160 ha

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