HUKUM FISIKA PADA GASING
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بِسْــــــــــــــــمِ اﷲِالرَّحْمَنِ اارَّحِيم
Mungkin Anda tidak asing dengan istilah gasing. Ini merupakan mainan yang bisa berputar pada poros dan berkesetimbangan pada suatu titik. Untuk memainkan gasing biasanya digunakan tali dari kain (atau bahan lain) yang dililitkan bada badan gasing. Kemudian gasing dihentak sambil tali yang melilit ditarik sehingga gasing berputar pada porosnya dan membiarkan gasing itu berputar sesuai arah jalannya.Hukum fisika apa saja yang berlaku pada permainan gasing? Yuks kita bahas bagaimana penjelasan hukum fisika dari permainan gasing tersebut.
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Hukum pertama Newton tentang gerak menyatakan bahwa sebuah benda yang bergerak dengan kecepatan tetap akan terus bergerak dengan kecepatan tersebut kecuali ada gaya resultan bekerja pada benda itu. Jika sebuah benda dalam keadaan diam, benda tersebut tetap diam kecuali ada gaya resultan yang bekerja pada benda itu.
Ini maksudnya pada saat gasing diam maka akan tetap diam (jika tidak ada pengaruh gaya luar). Nah, untuk membuat gasing dari keadaan diam agar bergerak dengan kecepatan tertentu maka harus ada gaya luar yang membuat gasing tersebut bergerak. Gaya luar tersebut bisa berupa hentakan atau tarikan tali pada gasing (pada saat mulai memutar gasing).
Sedangkan Hukum II Newton menyatakan, “percepatan yang ditimbulkan oleh gaya yang bekerja pada sebuah benda sebanding dengan besar gaya, searah dengan gaya itu dan berbanding terbalik dengan massa kelembaman benda tersebut”. Artinya, semakin besar gaya yang bekerja pada benda maka semakin besar percepatan yang ditimbulkan. Sebaliknya, semakin kecil gaya yang bekerja maka semakin kecil percepatan yang ditimbulkan.
Gasing bentuknya hampir seperti roda sepda motor. Oleh karena itu juga akan berlaku hukum fisika tentang gerak melingkar yaitu kecepatan linier dan kecepatan sudut (anguler).
1. Kecepatan linier
Kecepatan linier merupakan kecepatan yang memiliki arah tegak lurus terhadap jari-jari lingkaran atau dapat dikatakan sebagai garis singgung lingkaran.
Prinsip ini dapat digunakan untuk mainan gasing ini karena bagian atas gasing ini merupakan bentuk lingkaran. Jadi, kita dapat menghitung dengan seksama mengenai kecepatan linier yang akan terbentuk ini pada bagian atas gasing.
2. Kecepatan sudut.
3. Hukum Torsi (momen gaya) dan momentum sudut
Kita tinjau gasing itu dari hukum torsi (momen gaya). Momen gaya merupakan besaran yang dapat menyebabkan sebuah titik partikel berputar (berotasi). Dalam hal ini gasing berbentuk lingkarang seperti Gambar 1 di atas. Momen gaya dilambangkan dengan “τ”
Besarnya jarak sumbu putar gasing dengan bagian terluar (dalam hal ini panjang jari-jari) gasing akan mempengaruhi kecepatan sudut gasing tersebut. Semakin besar jari-jari gasing, semakin kecil kecepatan sudut gasing tersebut berputar. Demikian sebaliknya, semakin kecil jari-jarinya, semakin besar kecepatan sudut gasing tersebut berputar.
Pada permainan gasing, kecepatan sudut gasing dipengaruhi oleh besarnya gaya, besarnya gaya tersebut diterjemahkan sebagai besarnya gaya tarikan tali ketika kita melepas gasing. Semakin besar gaya tarikan yang kita berikan, semakin besar torsi gasing yang pada akhirnya semakin besar kecepatan sudut yang akan dihasilkan. Begitupun, sebaliknya. Semakin kecil gaya kita berikan pada saat kita memutar gasing, semakin kecil pula kecepatan sudut yang dihasilkan.
Selain faktor gaya dan jari-jari, massa gasing juga mempengaruhi kecepatan sudut putar gasing. Semakin besar massa gasing maka kecepatan sudut gasing akan semakin kecil, begitu juga sebaliknya, semakin kecil massa gasing maka kecepatan sudut gasing makin besar.
Gaya gesekan adalah gaya yang berarah melawan gerak benda atau arah kecenderungan benda akan bergerak. Gaya gesek muncul apabila dua buah benda bersentuhan. Benda-benda yang dimaksud di sini tidak harus berbentuk padat, melainkan dapat pula berbentuk cair, ataupun gas.
Gaya gesek yang terjadi pada gasing yang utama adalah dengan lantai atau dasar di mana gasing dimainkan. Gaya gesek yang terjadi pada gasing akan berlawanan dengan arah putar gasing. Jadi, apabila gasing berputar ke kanan, maka gaya gesek akan berputar ke kiri berlawanan dengan arah putar gasing.
Hal ini sama halnya dengan rotasi gasing yang berupa teori. Namun, hal ini dapat diperhatikan dari gasing yang berputar di atas pasir. Gasing yang berputar di atas pasir akan membuat pasir berputar berlawanan arah seperti arah gaya gesek. Karena, gaya gesek inilah yang membuat gasing yang berputar kencang menjadi pelan dan akhirnya berhenti total.
Jadi agar memperkecil gaya gesekan ujung bawah gasing dibuat runcing agar memperkecil bidang sentuh antara lantai dengan ujung gasing. Tapi efek memperkecil ujung gasing adalah tekanan gasing terhadap lantai semakin besar. Kita telah ketahui bahwa tekanan (P) merupakan gaya (F) yang diberikan per satuan luas (A). Memperkecil ujung gasing itu artinya memperkecil luas ujung gasing tersebut sehingga tekanannya menjadi besar. Jika lantai yang teksturnya tidak keras (gembur), ujung bawah gasing akan tenggelam dan gasing akan terjebak, hal ini justru menambah gesekan yang menyebabkan gasing mengalami perlambatan yang besar dan berhenti berputar. (Sumber: fisika.org)
