NIMA ARKANI-HAMED, SI PENERUS EINSTEIN
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Tahun 1982, mereka pun menetap di Kanada. Nima bercerita, masa di Teheran, bagi dia memberikan pengalaman positif. “Yang aneh adalah, saya memiliki kenangan menakjubkan,” katanya kepada Majalah Nature. Sebagai anak dari ayah dan ibu yang fisikawan, Nima kecil pun menyukai fisika. Meski begitu, Nima kecil tak menyukai tema teori dawai atau string theory yang belakangan hari membuat namanya melambung. “Apa yang saya suka saat itu adalah fisika menjelaskan segala sesuatu tentang dunia di sekitar saya,” kata Nima. Teori dawai ini muncul di tahun 1980-an sebagai pendekatan memahami sejumlah hal yang belum terjawab oleh fisika konvensional, misalnya gravitasi yang lemah.
Teori ini diharapkan menjadi “Teori Segala Sesuatu” yakni bahwa segala sesuatu terdiri dari untaian miliaran-miliaran dawai lebih kecil dari inti atom. Sayangnya, dawai-dawai ini sebegitu kecilnya, tak seperti inti atom yang mudah digambarkan, sehingga teori ini terkesan lebih filsafati daripada fisika. Namun, setelah menghabiskan sekolah menengah atas di Toronto, Kanada, dan lalu kuliah strata 1 fisika di Universitas Toronto, Nima malah mendalami teori kuantum yang mendasari teori dawai ini. Dia menemukan dirinya sudah berada di tengah-tengah teori dawai. “Jelas, ada sesuatu yang sangat dalam sedang terjadi,” katanya. Dan Nima lulus tahun 1993 lalu dari Universitas Toronto dengan gelar kehormatan ganda fisika dan matematika.
Dimensi tambahan
Setelah itu, Nima melanjutkan kuliah sampai meraih gelar PhD dari University of California Berkeley di tahun 1997. Nima lalu menjadi asisten profesor di University of California Berkeley, sampai kemudian menjadi Associate Professor di Tahun 2001. Tahun 2001, Nima menulis sebuah makalah berjudul “Electroweak symmetry breaking from dimensional deconstruction” yang kemudian menjadi makalahnya yang paling banyak dikutip, lebih dari 600 kali. “Sebenarnya makalah itu kurang terkait dengan supersimetri,” kata Nima. “Di dalamnya, kami mengatur cara menemukan sebuah kelompok teori yang mengatasi masalah ini keluar dari fluktuasi kuantum besar dalam sebuah cara lebih sederhana seperti dilakukan supersimetri,” kata Nima.
Simetri adalah konsep geometri, persamaan atau objek lainnya. Objek yang simetri akan sesuai prinsip dasar simetri, misalnya seperti pantulan benda di cermin datar. Sementara supersimetri adalah konsep simetri alamiah yang melibatkan dua dasar partikel elementer, boson dan fermion. “Supersimetri adalah pengembangan simetri ruang-waktu,” kata Nima kepada Science Watch, Reuters. Nima menemukan sekelompok teori lain yang memiliki bentuk simetri—bukan sebuah supersimetri. Tidak seperti supersimetri, di mana pembatalan mengambil tempat antara partikel dari putaran dan statistik berbeda –dalam hal ini boson dan fermion— pembatalan yang ini terjadi antara boson dan boson. Temuan ini, kata Nima, menghasilkan masalah baru yakni kelemahan gravitasi (weakness of gravity). Nima bersama mitranya di Berkeley, Savas Dimopoulos dan Gia Dvali, memunculkan hipotesis baru. Kelemahan gravitasi ini, kata mereka, karena terdapat “dimensi tambahan yang besar” yang bisa sebesar satu milimeter. Nima berteori, dimensi bisa sampai tujuh, bukan empat seperti dalam fisika klasik. Dimensi-dimensi sebesar itu, kata mereka, bisa lolos dari deteksi karena segala yang kita tahu –kecuali gravitasi— ditetapkan dalam tiga dimensi ruang dan satu dimensi waktu. Dan gravitasi, mereka nyatakan, mungkin mampu menyelusup dalam dimensi-dimensi tambahan ini, sehingga membuat gravitasi terlihat lemah kepada kita. Sebagai hasilnya, perbedaan besaran gravitasi memungkinkan peneliti mendeteksi dimensi tersembunyi tersebut. Berkat temuannya ini, nama Nima pun jadi terkenal di kalangan fisikawan dunia. Tahun 2001, Nima pindah meneliti di Universitas Harvard bersama Andi Cohen dan Howard Georgi. Mereka mengkonstruksi model dimensi tambahan (nongravitasional) dihasilkan secara dinamis dari model empat dimensi. Nima telah mengajukan teori fisika baru ini untuk dites di laboratorium raksasa Large Hadron Collider di CERN, Swiss. “Temuan itu seperti kejadian pembeda di bidangnya,” kata seorang fisikawan teoretis di Fermilab, Joe Lykken. Tiba-tiba, sebuah teori yang sebelumnya tak pernah dipikir, bisa diujicobakan sekarang dalam fase yang bisa dieksperimenkan. "Jika temuan (dimensi tambahan) ini benar, itu bisa menjadi penemuan terbesar dalam ilmu pengetahuan, katakan dalam 300 tahun,” kata Nima yang berambut gondrong itu. Sejak di Harvard, Nima pun muncul di televisi dan sejumlah seminar. Tahun 2003 dia mendapatkan Gribov Medal dari Masyarakat Fisika Eropa, dan tahun 2005, dia meraih “Phi Beta Kappa” dari Universitas Harvard karena mengajar dengan terpuji.
Tahun 2008, Universitas Princeton “membajaknya” dari Harvard untuk duduk di Institute of Advanced Studies, sebuah posisi yang pernah ditempati Albert Einstein. Di tahun itu juga, Arkani-Hamed memenangi Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize di Universitas Tel Aviv sebagai ilmuwan muda yang memberikan kontribusi luar biasa dan mendasar di bidang Fisika. Pada 2009, dia terpilih jadi salah satu anggota Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Seni Amerika. Terakhir, Juli 2012, dia mendapatkan Penghargaan Fisika Fundamental dari pengusaha internet Yuri Milner. Dalam catatan Reuters, dampak riset Nima masuk ranking 2 dan ranking 10 berdasarkan jumlah pengutipan atas 26 makalah yang total dikutip 2.640 kali. Salah satu makalahnya muncul dalam daftar 20 makalah paling banyak dikutip selama 10 tahun ini. Dalam Essential Science Indicators dari Thomson Reuters, dia masuk jajaran 1lmuwan fisika top, dengan 44 makalah dikutip dengan total 4.493 pengutipan. “Saya belum pernah sesemangat ini tentang fisika sejak lama,” kata Nima ketika diwawancara Reuters di Juli 2012. Sumber: fisikanet.lipi.go.id
