Radio - Guglielmo Marconi
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Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) Lahir pada tahun 1874 di Bologna, Itali. Penemu radio ini dapat pendidikan privat dari seorang guru. Tahun 1894 tatkala usianya menginjak dua puluh, Marconi baca percobaan-percobaan yang dilakukan oleh Heinrich Hertz beberapa tahun sebelumnya. Percobaan-percobaan ini dengan gamblang mendemonstrasikan adanya gelombang elektromagnetik yang tak tampak oleh mata, bergerak lewat udara dengan kecepatan suara.
Marconi lantas tergugah dengan ide bahwa gelombang ini bisa dimanfaatkan mengirim tanda-tanda melintasi jarak jauh tanpa lewat kawat yang menyediakan banyak kemungkinan berkembangnya komunikasi yang tak bisa dijangkau telegram. Misalnya, dengan cara ini berita-berita dapat dikirim ke kapal di tengah laut.
Tahun 1895, hanya setahun kerja keras, Marconi berhasil memprodusir peralatan yang diperlukan. Tahun 1896 dia memperagakan alat penemuannya di Inggris dan memperoleh hak paten pertamanya untuk penemuan ini. Marconi bergegas mendirikan perusahaan dan "Marconi" pertama dikirim tahun 1898. Tahun berikutnya dia sudah sanggup kirim berita tanpa lewat kawat menyeberang selat Inggris. Meskipun patennya yang terpenting diperolehnya tahun 1900, Marconi meneruskan pembuatan dan mempatenkan banyak penyempurnaan-penyempurnaan atas dasar penemuannya sendiri. Pada tahun 1901 dia berhasil mengirim berita radio melintasi Samudera Atlantik, dari Inggris ke Newfoundland.
Makna penting dari penemuan barunya secara dramatis dilukiskan di tahun 1909 tatkala kapal S.S. Republic rusak akibat tabrakan dan tenggelam ke dasar laut. Berita radio amat membantu, semua penumpang bisa diselamatkan kecuali enam orang. Pada tahun yang sama Marconi berhasil meraih Hadiah Nobel untuk penemuannya. Dan pada tahun berikutnya dia berhasil mengirim berita radio dari Irlandia ke Argentina, suatu jarak yang lebih dari 6000 mil.
Semua berita ini dikirim lewat tanda-tanda sistem kode Marconi. Sebagaimana diketahui, suara itu dapat dikirim lewat radio, tetapi hal ini baru bisa terlaksana sekitar tahun 1915. Penyiaran radio dalam skala komersial baru mulai awal tahun 20-an, tetapi kepopulerannya dan arti pentingnya tumbuh dengan amat cepatnya.
Sebuah penemuan yang hak patennya punya harga tinggi dengan sendirinya menimbulkan pertentangan di pengadilan. Tetapi, rupa-rupa tuntutan lewat pengadilan sirna melenyap sesudah tahun 1914 tatkala pengadilan mengakui hak-hak Marconi. Pada tahun berikutnya, Marconi melakukan pula penyelidikan penting di bidang gelombang pendek dan komunikasi microwave. Dia menghembuskan napas terakhir di Roma tahun 1937.
Selain Marconi menjadi kesohor selaku penemu, jelas pula pengaruhnya tak diragukan dalam hal arti penting radio dan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan itu. Marconi tidak menemukan televisi. Tetapi, penemuan radionya merupakan pembuka jalan penting buat televisi, karena itu adalah layak menganggap Marconi punya saham juga dalam pengembangan televisi.
Jelas, komunikasi tanpa kawat punya makna teramat penting dalam dunia modern. Ini bermanfaat amat buat pengiriman berita, untuk hiburan, untuk keperluan militer, untuk penyelidikan ilmiah, untuk tugas-tugas kepolisian, dan lain-lain keperluan. Meskipun untuk beberapa hal telegram (yang sudah diketemukan orang lebih dari setengah abad sebelumnya) boleh dibilang punya kegunaan juga, penggunaan radio secara besar-besaran betul-betul tak tertandingkan. Dia bisa mencapai mobil, kapal di lautan, pesawat yang sedang mengudara, bahkan pesawat ruang angkasa. Jelas merupakan penemuan lebih penting ketimbang tilpun karena berita-berita yang dikirim via tilpun dapat pula dikirim lewat radio, lagi pula pesan-pesan lewat radio dapat dikirim ke tempat-tempat yang tak bisa dicapai telepon.
Marconi punya tempat urutan lebih tinggi dalam daftar ini ketimbang Graham Bell semata-mata berhubung komunikasi tanpa kawat merupakan penemuan lebih penting daripada tilpun. Saya tempatkan Edison sedikit lebih tinggi dalam urutan daftar buku ini ketimbang Marconi lantaran jumlah besar penemuan yang sudah dilakukannya, meski tak ada satu pun daripadanya yang mengungguli arti penting radio. Karena radio dan televisi hanyalah merupakan bagian kecil saja dari penggunaan praktis dari kerja teoritis Michael Faraday dan James Clerk Maxwell, adillah apabila Marconi mesti ditempatkan dalam urutan sedikit lebih bawah dari kedua orang itu. Bersamaan dengan itu jelas pula bahwa sejumlah kecil saja tokoh-tokoh politik yang punya pengaruh besar terhadap dunia seperti yang dipunyai Marconi, karena itu layak pula dia ditempatkan pada kedudukan cukup tinggi dalam daftar urutan buku ini.
