Mesin Tik - Christopher Sholes
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Christopher Latham Sholes (14 Februari 1819 – 17 Februari 1890) adalah seorang Amerika yang menemukan mesin ketik praktis pertama yakni mesin tik dan QWERTY keyboard yang masih digunakan sampai sekarang. Ia juga seorang penerbit surat kabar dan politisi Wisconsin.
Lahir di Mooresburg, Pennsylvania, Sholes pindah ke dekat Danville sebagai remaja, di mana ia bekerja sebagai magang ke printer. Setelah menyelesaikan nya magang, Sholes pindah ke Milwaukee, Wisconsin pada tahun 1837. Ia menjadi surat kabar penerbit dan politisi , melayani di Wisconsin Negara Senat, 1848-1849 1856-1857, dan Majelis Negara Wisconsin 1852-1853. Dia berperan dalam gerakan sukses untuk menghapuskan hukuman mati di Wisconsin : surat kabar The Telegraph Kenosha, melaporkan pada persidangan John McCaffary pada 1851, dan kemudian pada tahun 1853 ia memimpin kampanye di Majelis Negara Wisconsin. Ia adalah adik dari Charles Sholes (1816-1867) yang adalah seorang penerbit koran dan politikus yang bertugas di kedua majelis Legislatif Negara Wisconsin dan sebagai walikota Kenosha.
Sholes telah pindah ke Milwaukee dan menjadi editor surat kabar. Menyusul pemogokan oleh penyusun di percetakan, ia mencoba membangun sebuah mesin untuk typesetting , tapi ini adalah kegagalan dan dia cepat meninggalkan ide tersebut. Ia tiba di mesin tik melalui rute yang berbeda. Tujuan awal adalah untuk menciptakan sebuah mesin untuk halaman sejumlah buku, tiket, dan sebagainya. Dia mulai bekerja pada ini di toko mesin Kleinsteubers di Milwaukee, bersama-sama dengan printer bersama Samuel W. Soule, dan mereka mematenkan mesin penomoran pada 13 November 1866.
Sholes dan Soule menunjukkan mesin mereka untuk Carlos Glidden , seorang pengacara dan penemu amatir di toko mesin bekerja pada sebuah bajak mekanik, yang bertanya-tanya apakah mesin tidak dapat dibuat untuk menghasilkan huruf dan kata juga. Inspirasi lebih lanjut datang pada bulan Juli 1867, ketika Sholes menemukan sebuah catatan pendek di Scientific American menggambarkan “Pterotype”, sebuah mesin tik prototipe yang telah diciptakan oleh John Pratt. Dari uraian tersebut, Sholes memutuskan bahwa pterotype itu terlalu kompleks dan berangkat untuk membuat mesin sendiri, yang namanya dia dapatkan dari artikel: mesin ketikan, atau mesin tik.
Untuk proyek ini, lagi-lagi Soule tamtama, dan Glidden bergabung dengan mereka sebagai mitra ketiga yang menyediakan dana. Artikel Scientific American (unillustrated) telah kiasan digunakan frasa “sastra piano”; model pertama yang dibangun trio memiliki keyboard harfiah menyerupai piano. Ia memiliki kunci hitam dan tombol putih, diletakkan dalam dua baris.
Pada tahap ini, mesin tik Sholes-Glidden-Soule hanya satu di antara puluhan penemuan serupa. Mereka menulis ratusan surat pada mesin mereka ke berbagai pihak, salah satunya adalah James Densmore dari Meadville, Pennsylvania . Densmore meramalkan bahwa mesin tik akan sangat menguntungkan, dan menawarkan untuk membeli saham paten, bahkan tanpa mata diletakkan pada mesin. Ketiganya segera menjualnya seperempat dari paten dengan imbalan nya membayar semua biaya mereka selama ini. Ketika Densmore akhirnya diperiksa mesin pada Maret 1867, dia menyatakan bahwa semuanya itu baik untuk apa-apa dalam bentuk yang sekarang, dan mendesak mereka untuk memulai memperbaikinya. Putus asa, Soule dan Glidden meninggalkan proyek, meninggalkan Sholes dan Densmore dalam kepemilikan tunggal paten.
Menyadari bahwa stenograf akan menjadi salah satu pengguna pertama dan paling penting dari mesin, dan karena itu yang terbaik dalam posisi untuk menilai kesesuaian, mereka mengirim versi eksperimental ke beberapa stenograf. Yang paling penting dari mereka adalah James O. Clephane, dari Washington DC, yang mencoba instrumen karena tidak ada orang lain yang mencoba mereka, menundukkan mereka untuk tes tak tanggung-tanggung sehingga ia menghancurkan mereka, satu demi satu, secepat mereka bisa dibuat dan dikirim kepadanya.
