PENEMUAN TERBARU TEORI FISIKA MODERN
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Belum lama berselang, tepatnya tanggal 5 Juni yang lalu, suatu berita besar iptek muncul dari sebuah konperensi fisika “Neutrino 98″ yang berlangsung di Jepang. Neutrino, salah satu partikel dasar yang jauh lebih kecil daripada elektron, ternyata memiliki massa, demikian laporan dari suatu tim internasional yang tergabung dalam eksperimen Super-Kamiokande. Tim ahli-ahli fisika yang terdiri dari kurang lebih 120 orang dari berbagai negara termasuk AS, Jepang, Jerman, dan Polandia tersebut melakukan penelitian terhadap data-data yang dikumpulkan selama setahun oleh sebuah laboratorium penelitian neutrino bawah tanah di Jepang.
Jika laporan ini terbukti benar dan dapat dikonfirmasi kembali oleh tim lainnya maka akan membawa dampak yang sangat luas terhadap beberapa teori fisika, terutama pembahasan mengenai interaksi partikel dasar, teori asal mula daripada alam semesta ini serta problema kehilangan massa (missing mass problem) maupun teori neutrino matahari. Neutrino, atau neutron kecil, adalah suatu nama yang diberikan oleh fisikawan dan pemenang hadiah Nobel terkenal dari Jerman: Wolfgang Pauli. Neutrino adalah partikel yang sangat menarik perhatian para fisikawan karena kemisteriusannya.
Neutrino juga merupakan salah satu bangunan dasar daripada alam semesta yang bersama-sama dengan elektron, muon, dan tau, termasuk dalam suatu kelas partikel yang disebut lepton. Lepton bersama-sama dengan enam jenis partikel quark adalah pembentuk dasar semua benda di alam semesta ini. Ditemukan secara eksperimental pada tahun 1956 (dalam bentuk anti partikel) oleh Fred Reines (pemenang Nobel fisika tahun 1995) dan Clyde Cowan, neutrino terdiri dari 3 rasa (flavor), yakni: neutrino elektron, neutrino mu dan neutrino tau. Neutrino tidak memiliki muatan listrik dan selama ini dianggap tidak memiliki berat, namun neutrino memiliki antipartikel yang disebut antineutrino. Partikel ini memiliki keunikan karena sangat enggan untuk berinteraksi. Sebagai akibatnya, neutrino dengan mudah dapat melewati apapun, termasuk bumi kita ini, dan amat sulit untuk dideteksi. Diperkirakan neutrino dalam jumlah banyak terlepas dari hasil reaksi inti pada matahari kita dan karenanya diharapkan dapat dideteksi pada laboratorium di bumi. Untuk mengurangi pengaruh distorsi dari sinar kosmis, detektor neutrino perlu ditaruh di bawah tanah. Dengan mempergunakan tangki air sebanyak 50 ribu ton dan dilengkapi dengan tabung foto (photomultiplier tube) sebanyak 13 ribu buah, tim Kamiokande ini menemukan bahwa neutrino dapat berosilasi atau berganti rasa. Karena bisa berosilasi maka disimpulkan bahwa neutrino sebenarnya memiliki massa.
Penemuan ini sangat kontroversial karena teori fisika yang selama ini kerap dipandang sebagai teori dasar interaksi partikel, yakni disebut teori model standard, meramalkan bahwa neutrino sama sekali tidak bermassa. Jika penemuan neutrino bermassa terbukti benar maka boleh jadi akan membuat teori model standard tersebut harus dikoreksi. Penemuan neutrino bermassa juga mengusik bidang fisika lainnya yakni kosmologi. Penemuan ini diduga dapat menyelesaikan problem kehilangan massa pada alam semesta kita ini (missing mass problem). Telah sejak lama para ahli fisika selalu dihantui dengan pertanyaan: Mengapa terdapat perbedaan teori dan pengamatan massa alam semesta? Jika berat daripada bintang-bintang, planet-planet, beserta benda-benda alam lainnya dijumlahkan semua maka hasilnya ternyata tetap lebih ringan daripada berat keseluruhan alam semesta. Para ahli fisika menganggap bahwa terdapat massa yang hilang atau tidak kelihatan. Selama ini para ahli tersebut berteori bahwa ada partikel unik yang menyebabkan selisih massa pada alam semesta. Namun teori semacam ini memiliki kelemahan karena partikel unik yang diteorikan tersebut belum pernah berhasil ditemukan. Dari hasil penemuan tim Kamiokande ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa ternyata partikel unik tersebut tidak lain daripada neutrino yang bermassa. Menurut teori dentuman besar (Big Bang) alam semesta kita ini bermula dari suatu titik panas luar biasa yang meledak dan terus berekspansi hingga saat ini. Fisikawan Arno Penzias dan Robert Wilson (keduanya kemudian memenangkan hadiah Nobel fisika tahun 1978) pada tahun 1965 menemukan sisa-sisa gelombang mikro peninggalan dentuman besar yang sekarang telah mendingin hingga suhu sekitar 3 Kelvin. Namun salah satu hal yang masih diperdebatkan adalah masalah ekspansi alam semesta itu sendiri. Apakah hal ini akan terus menerus terjadi tanpa akhir?
Penemuan neutrino bermassa diharapkan akan bisa menjawab pertanyaan yang sulit ini. Bayangkan suatu neutrino yang sama sekali tidak bermassa, seperti yang diperkirakan selama ini. Gaya gravitasi tentu tidak akan berpengaruh sama sekali pada partikel yang tidak memiliki berat. Namun apa yang terjadi jika neutrino ternyata memiliki berat? Dalam jumlah yang amat sangat banyak neutrino-neutrino ini tentu akan bisa mempengaruhi ekspansi alam semesta. Tampaknya ada kemungkinan ekspansi alam semesta suatu saat akan terhenti dan terjadi kontraksi atau penciutan kembali jika ternyata neutrino memiliki massa. Terakhir masih ada satu lagi problem fisika yang akan diusik oleh hasil penemuan ini yaitu problem neutrino matahari, dimana terjadi selisih jumlah perhitungan dan pengamatan neutrino yang dihasilkan oleh matahari kita. Untuk keabsahan penemuan ini tim internasional dari eksperimen super Kamiokande dalam laporannya juga mengajak tim-tim saintis lainnya untuk mengkonfirmasi penemuan mereka. Namun menurut pengalaman di masa lalu, laporan osilasi neutrino dan neutrino bermassa selalu kontroversi dan jarang bisa dikonfirmasi kembali. Untuk sementara ini para ahli harus sabar menunggu karena eksperimen semacam ini hanya bisa dilakukan oleh segelintir eksperimen saja di seluruh dunia. Yang pasti jika hasil penemuan ini memang nantinya terbukti benar maka jelas dampaknya akan sangat terasa pada beberapa teori fisika modern.
